Skip to content

Appendix VI — References

Updated Markdown edition of the HVE User's Manual (HVE Version 5, Seventh Edition, January 2006), Appendix VI, pages VI-1 through VI-10. Reference numbers are cited throughout the manual (e.g., [4.31] in the Brake Designer chapter).

The subject of vehicle dynamics as it relates to the study of motor vehicle accidents is very interesting and complex. Fortunately, there are many excellent references available; many are available directly from EDC. The user of HVE is urged to review these references. They provide a basis for the understanding and interpretation of HVE and HVE-compatible reconstruction and simulation models, and an excellent overview of the general field of motor vehicle safety. The references are divided into the following sections:

  • HVE — Research related to the design and development of HVE
  • Motor Vehicle Safety — Research related to the field of accident reconstruction
  • Humans — Research related to modeling the human body
  • Vehicles — Research related to modeling of vehicles and vehicle components
  • Environments — Research pertaining to modeling of roadways and related structures
  • Standards and Recommended Practices — Research related to rule-making and commonly used standards and recommended practices
  • General — Other pertinent research or reference material

HVE

  • 1.1 Day, T.D., "A Computer Graphics Interface Specification for Studying Humans, Vehicles and Their Environment," SAE Paper No. 930103, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1993.
  • 1.2 HVE Developer's Toolkit, Engineering Dynamics Corporation, Beaverton, OR, 1996.
  • 1.3 Day, T.D., "An Overview of the HVE Developer's Toolkit," SAE Paper No. 940923, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1994.
  • 1.4 Day, T.D., "An Overview of the HVE Human Model," SAE Paper No. 950659, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA (presented at 1995 SAE International Congress, February, 1995).
  • 1.5 Day, T.D., "An Overview of the HVE Vehicle Model," SAE Paper No. 950308, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA (presented at 1995 SAE International Congress, February, 1995).
  • 1.6 HVE Vehicle Database, Engineering Dynamics Corporation, Beaverton, OR, 1996.
  • 1.7 Day, T.D., "The Scientific Visualization of Motor Vehicle Accidents," SAE Paper No. 940922, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1994.
  • 1.8 Day, T.D., "Validation of Several Reconstruction and Simulation Models in the HVE Scientific Visualization Environment," SAE Paper No. 960891, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1996.
  • 1.9 Day, T.D., "Reconstruction and Simulation in the HVE 3-Dimensional Environment," SAE Paper No. 960890, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1996.
  • 1.10 Grimes, W.D., "Programming FORTRAN Applications for HVE," SAE Paper No. 960889, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1996.

Motor Vehicle Safety

  • 2.1 Lee, S.N., Fell, J.C., "An Historical Review of the National Highway Safety Administration's Field Accident Investigation Studies," NHTSA, Washington, DC, 1988.
  • 2.2 McHenry, R.R., "Development of a Computer Program to Aid the Investigation of Highway Accidents," Calspan Report No. VJ-2979-V-1, DOT HS 800 821, December, 1971.
  • 2.3 Vehicle Analysis Package — EDCRASH Program Manual, Engineering Dynamics Corporation, Beaverton, Oregon, 1996.
  • 2.4 Vehicle Analysis Package — EDSMAC Program Manual, Engineering Dynamics Corporation, Beaverton, Oregon, 1996.
  • 2.5 EDC Simulations Training Manual, Version 4, Engineering Dynamics Corporation, Beaverton, Oregon, 1989.
  • 2.6 Grimes, W.D., "Classifying the Elements in a Scientific Animation," SAE Paper No. 940919, March, 1994.
  • 2.7 Kenefect, M., "Crash Safety in Racing Cars," SAE Paper No. 930999, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1993.
  • 2.8 Crush Stiffness Coefficients for Vehicle Model Years 1960–1994, Neptune Engineering, Clovis, CA, 1994.
  • 2.9 Prasad, A.K., "CRASH3 Damage Algorithm Reformulation for Front and Rear Collisions," SAE Paper No. 900098, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1990.
  • 2.10 Strother, C.E., Woolley, R.L., James, M.B., "A Comparison Between NHTSA Crash Test Data and CRASH3 Frontal Stiffness Coefficients," SAE Paper No. 900101, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1990.
  • 2.11 Woolley, R.L., Strother, C.E., James, M.B., "Rear Stiffness Coefficients Derived From Barrier Crash Data," SAE Paper No. 910120, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1991.
  • 2.12 EDCRASH Version 4 Source Code Listing, EDC Library Ref. No. 2003, Engineering Dynamics Corporation, February, 1989.
  • 2.13 EDSMAC Version 2 Source Code Listing, EDC Library Ref. No. 2006, Engineering Dynamics Corporation, May, 1989.
  • 2.14 Vehicle Crush Stiffness Coefficients With Damage Profile Supplement for Model Years 1970–1984, EDC Library Ref. No. 1042, Engineering Dynamics Corporation, August, 1987.
  • 2.15 Day, T. and Hargens, R., "Differences Between EDCRASH and CRASH3," SAE Paper No. 850253, February, 1985.
  • 2.16 Day, T. and Hargens, R., "An Overview of the Way EDCRASH Computes Delta-V," SAE Paper No. 870045, February, 1987.
  • 2.17 Day, T. and Hargens, R., "A Personal Computer Program for Drawing Accident Sites," SAE Paper No. 880068, February, 1988.
  • 2.18 Day, T. and Hargens, R., "An Overview of the Way EDSMAC Computes Delta-V," SAE Paper No. 880069, February, 1988.
  • 2.19 Hargens, R. and Day, T., "Vehicle Data Sources for Accident Reconstruction," SAE Paper No. 880070, February, 1988.
  • 2.20 Day, T. and Hargens, R., "Application and Misapplication of Computer Programs for Accident Reconstruction," SAE Paper No. 890738, February, 1989.
  • 2.21 Day, T. and Hargens, R., "Further Validation of EDCRASH Using the RICSAC Staged Collisions," SAE Paper No. 890740, February, 1989.
  • 2.22 McHenry, R.R., Segal, D.J., Lynch, J.P., Henderson, P.M., "Mathematical Reconstruction of Highway Accidents," NTIS PB-220 150, January, 1973.
  • 2.23 Robbins, D.H., Melvin, J.W., Huelke, D.F., Sherman, H.W., "Biological Accident Investigation Methodology," NTIS PB83-184 366, February, 1983.
  • 2.24 Campbell, K.L., "Energy Basis of Collision Severity," SAE Paper No. 740565, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, July, 1974.
  • 2.25 Emori, R.I., "Mechanics of Automobile Collisions," First International Conference on Vehicle Mechanics, Wayne State Univ., July, 1968.
  • 2.26 Zeidler, F., Schreier, H.H., Stadelmann, R., "Accident Research and Accident Reconstruction by the EES-Accident Reconstruction Method," SAE Paper No. 850256, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, February, 1985.
  • 2.27 Tumbas, N.S., Smith, R.A., "Measurement Protocol for Quantifying Vehicle Damage from an Energy Basis Point of View," SAE Paper No. 880072, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, February, 1988.

Humans

  • 3.1 Robbins, D.H., Bennett, R.O., Roberts, V.L., "HSRI Three-Dimensional Crash Victim Simulator: Analysis, Verification and User's Manual, and Pictorial Section," Report No. BIO M-70-9, HSRI, University of Michigan, June, 1971.
  • 3.2 Bennett, R.O., Bowman, D.H., Robbins, D.H., "Supplement to the HSRI Three-Dimensional Crash Victim Simulation Report," HSRI Report No. UM-HSRI-77-20, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1977.
  • 3.3 Bowman, B.M., Bennett, R.O., Robbins, D.H., "MVMA Two-Dimensional Crash Victim Simulation, Version 4, Vol. I," Report No. UM-HSRI-79-5-1, University of Michigan, June, 1979.
  • 3.4 Bowman, B.M., Robbins, D.H., Bennett, R.O., "MVMA Two-Dimensional Crash Victim Simulation, Version 4, Vol. III," UM-HSRI-79-5-3, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1979.
  • 3.5 Fleck, J.T., Butler, F.E., and Vogel, S.L., "An Improved Three Dimensional Computer Simulation of Crash Victims," NHTSA Report Nos. DOT-HS-801-507 through 510, Vols. 1–4, April, 1975.
  • 3.6 Fleck, J.T., Butler, F.E., "Validation of the Crash Victim Simulator, Volume I, Engineering Manual — Part 1: Analytical Formulation," DOT-HS-6-01300, Calspan Corp., Buffalo, 1981.
  • 3.7 Sanders, W.T., et al., "Performance Comparison of Air Damped Padding with Other Padding Materials," SAE Paper No. 920351, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1992.
  • 3.8 Seat Belt Webbing Tests in Accordance with FMVSS 209, Test Report No. DTB04R91-0393, Dayton T. Brown, Engineering and Test Division, LI, NY, 1991.
  • 3.9 Day, T.D., "An Overview of the HVE Human Model," SAE Paper No. 950659, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1995.
  • 3.10 Gross, M.E., "The GEBOD III Program User's Guide and Description," AL-TR-1991-0102, Beecher Research Co., Dayton, OH, 1991.
  • 3.11 Robbins, D.H., Snyder, R.G., McElhaney, J.H., Roberts, V.L., "A Comparison Between Human Kinematics and the Predictions of Mathematical Crash Victim Simulators," SAE Paper No. 710849, November, 1971.
  • 3.12 Robbins, D.H., Becker, J.M., Bennett, R.O., Bowman, B.M., "Accident Data Simulation — Pedestrian and Side Impact — 3D," Report No. UM-HSRI-80-75, HSRI, University of Michigan, June, 1980.
  • 3.13 Gray's Anatomy, Bounty Books, New York, NY, 1981.
  • 3.14 Human Function and Structure, Luciano, D.S., Vander, A.J., Sherman, J.H., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY, 1978.
  • 3.15 Obergefell, L.A., Gardner, T.R., Kaleps, I., Fleck, J.T., "Articulated Total Body Model Enhancements, Volume 2: User's Guide," AAMRL Report No. AAMRL-TR-88-043, January, 1988, NTIS No. A203 566.
  • 3.16 MADYMO 3-D User's Manual, Volumes I and II, Version 5.1, TNO Road-Vehicles Research Institute, Delft, The Netherlands, May, 1994.
  • 3.17 Webb, P.W., "Bioastronautics Data Book," NASA Report SP-3006, 1964.

Vehicles

  • 4.1 Calspan Corporation, "Highway-Vehicle-Object Simulation Model," Calspan Report No. FHWA-RD-76-162, February, 1976.
  • 4.2 MacAdam, C.C., Fancher, P.S., Hu, G.T., Gillespie, T.D., "A Computerized Model for Simulating the Braking and Steering Dynamics of Trucks, Tractor-semitrailers, Doubles, and Triples," Report No. UM-HSRI-80-58, HSRI, University of Michigan, June, 1980.
  • 4.3 Moncarz, H.T., Bernard, J.E., Fancher, P.S., "A Simplified, Interactive Simulation for Predicting the Braking and Steering Response of Commercial Vehicles," Report No. UM-HSRI-PF-75-8, HSRI, University of Michigan, August, 1975.
  • 4.4 Allen, R.W., Szostak, H.T., et al., "Analytical Modeling of Driver Response in Crash Avoidance Maneuvering: Vol. I — Technical Background," DOT-HS-807 270, NHTSA, Washington, DC, 1988.
  • 4.5 Nalecz, A.G., "Development and Validation of Light Vehicle Dynamics Simulation (LVDS)," SAE Paper No. 920056, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1992.
  • 4.6 Vehicle Analysis Package — EDSVS Program Manual, Engineering Dynamics Corporation, Beaverton, Oregon, 1993.
  • 4.7 Vehicle Analysis Package — EDVTS Program Manual, Engineering Dynamics Corporation, Beaverton, Oregon, 1993.
  • 4.8 1993 Yearbook, The Tire and Rim Association, Inc., Copley, OH, 1993.
  • 4.9 Tapia, G.A., "Extended Tire Testing," Calspan Report No. 6871-V-1, Calspan Corporation, Buffalo, NY, 1983.
  • 4.10 Fancher, P.S., Bernard, J.E., "Vehicle-In-Use Limit Performance and Tire Testing," HSRI Report No. UM-HSRI-PF-75-1-1, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1975.
  • 4.11 HSRI Flatbed Tire Test Results, University of Michigan, 1981.
  • 4.12 Segal, D.J., Kamholz, L.R., Griffith, D.G., "Vehicle Component Characterization, Vol. II: Data Appendices," DOT-HS-807-055, MGA Research Corp., Akron, NY, 1987.
  • 4.13 Day, T.D., "An Overview of the HVE Vehicle Model," SAE Paper No. 950308, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1995.
  • 4.14 HVE Vehicle Database, Engineering Dynamics Corporation, Beaverton, OR, 1996.
  • 4.15 EDSVS Version 4 Source Code Listing, EDC Library Ref. No. 2001, Engineering Dynamics Corporation, May, 1989.
  • 4.16 EDVTS Version 4 Source Code Listing, EDC Library Ref. No. 2002, Engineering Dynamics Corporation, May, 1989.
  • 4.17 Fancher, P.S., Bernard, J.E., "Vehicle-In-Use Limit Performance and Tire Factors," UM-HSRI-PF-75-1-1, University of Michigan, January, 1975.
  • 4.18 Sternberg, E.R., "Heavy-Duty Truck Suspensions," SAE Paper No. 760369, February, 1976.
  • 4.19 Iacovoni, D.H., "Fundamentals of Automobile Handling Analysis," March 13, 1969.
  • 4.20 Segel, L., "Theoretical Prediction and Experimental Substantiation of the Response of the Automobile to Steering Control," Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1956.
  • 4.21 Taborek, J.J., "Mechanics of Vehicles," Machine Design, The Penton Publishing Co., Cleveland, 1957.
  • 4.22 Pacejka, H.B., "Simplified Analysis of Steady Turning Behavior of Motor Vehicles — Parts 2 & 3," Vehicle Systems Dynamics, Vol. 2, No. 4, December, 1973.
  • 4.23 Fiala, E., "Seitenkräfte am rollenden Luftreifen" (Lateral Forces on Rolling Pneumatic Tires), Zeitschrift V.D.I., 96, No. 29, October, 1954.
  • 4.24 Clark, S.D., Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires, National Bureau of Standards Monograph 122, November, 1971 (out of print).
  • 4.25 Segel, L., ME 690 unpublished lecture notes, University of Michigan, 1981.
  • 4.26 Siddall, D.E., Day, T.D., "Updating the Vehicle Class Categories," SAE Paper No. 960897, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, February, 1996.
  • 4.27 Neptune, J.A., "Overview of an HVE Vehicle Database," SAE Paper No. 960896, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, February, 1996.
  • 4.28 Neptune, J.A., Blair, G.Y., Flynn, J.E., "A Method for Quantifying Vehicle Crush Stiffness Coefficients," SAE Paper No. 920607, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, February, 1992.
  • 4.29 Neptune, J.A., Flynn, J.E., "A Method for Determining Accident Specific Crush Stiffness Coefficients," SAE Paper No. 940913, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, February, 1994.
  • 4.30 Blythe, W., Day, T., Grimes, W., "3-Dimensional Simulation of Vehicle Response to Tire Blow-outs," SAE Paper No. 980221, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, February, 1998.
  • 4.31 Limpert, R., Brake Design and Safety, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Warrendale, PA, 1992.
  • 4.32 Flick, M.A., "The Effect of Brake Adjustment on Braking Performance," National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Report No. DOT HS 807-287, Washington, DC, 1988.
  • 4.33 Stroh, G.B., Lawrence, M.H., Deibel, W.T., "Effects of Shoe Force Geometry on Heavy Duty Internal Shoe Brake Performance," SAE Paper No. 680432, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, February, 1968.
  • 4.34 Gurney, J.W., Bernard, J.E., "The Utilization of a Computer Simulation as an Aid to Predict Compliance with MVSS 121," SAE Paper No. 740137, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, February, 1974.
  • 4.35 Bowman, B.L., "Grade Severity Rating System (GSRS) — Users Manual," Goodell-Grivas, Inc., FHWA Report No. IP-88-015, Washington, DC, 1989.
  • 4.36 Radlinski, R.W., Williams, S.F., "NHTSA Heavy Duty Vehicle Brake Research Program, Report No. 1 — Stopping Capability of Air Braked Vehicles, Volume 1 — Technical Report," National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Report No. DOT HS 806-738, Washington, DC, 1985.
  • 4.37 Post, T.M., Fancher, P.S., Bernard, J.E., "Torque Characteristics of Commercial Vehicle Brakes," SAE Paper No. 750210, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, February, 1975.
  • 4.38 Johnson, L.K., Fancher, P.S., Gillespie, T.D., "An Empirical Model for the Prediction of the Torque Output of Commercial Vehicle Air Brakes," Highway Safety Research Institute, Report No. UM-HSRI-78-53, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1978.
  • 4.39 Day, T.D., "An Overview of the EDSMAC4 Collision Simulation Model," SAE Paper No. 1999-01-0102, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, March, 1999.
  • 4.40 Day, T.D., "Differences Between EDVDS and Phase 4," SAE Paper No. 1999-01-0103, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, March, 1999.
  • 4.41 York, A.R., Day, T.D., "The DyMESH Multi-Vehicle Collision Simulation Model," SAE Paper No. 1999-01-0104, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, March, 1999.
  • 4.42 Bosch Driving-Safety Systems, 2nd Edition, Robert Bosch GmbH, ISBN 0-7680-0511-6, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1999.
  • 4.43 Day, T.D., Roberts, S.G., "A Simulation Model for Vehicle Braking Systems Fitted with ABS," SAE Paper No. 2002-01-0559, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 2002.
  • 4.44 Day, T.D., "Validation of the SIMON Model for Vehicle Handling and Collision Simulation — Comparison of Results with Experiments and Other Models," SAE Paper No. 2004-01-1207, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 2004.

Environments

  • 5.1 Rudaux, L., DeVaucouleurs, G., LaRousse Encyclopedia of Astronomy, Prometheus Press, New York, 1959.
  • 5.2 1993 ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, 1993.
  • 5.3 Bekker, M.G., Introduction to Terrain-Vehicle Systems, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1969 (out of print; contact EDC for information).
  • 6.1 Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle Design, SAE Technical Report No. J885 JUL86, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1986.
  • 6.2 Vehicle Dynamics Terminology, SAE Technical Report No. J670e, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1976.
  • 6.3 Collision Deformation Classification, SAE Technical Report J224 MAR80, March, 1980.
  • 6.4 Accident Reconstruction Terminology, SAE Technical Report No. J1675, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA (under development at time of original publication).
  • 6.5 Friction Coefficient Identification System for Brake Linings, SAE Technical Report J866 MAR85, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA. (cited in Chapter 29; not printed in the original Appendix VI list)

General

  • 7.1 AUTOSIM Reference Manual, Version 2, Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1993.
  • 7.2 Viewpoint Animation Engineering, Orem, UT, 1998.
  • 7.3 Wernecke, J., The Inventor Mentor, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Menlo Park, CA, December, 1993.
  • 7.4 Neider, J., Davis, T., Woo, M., OpenGL Programming Guide, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Menlo Park, CA, June, 1993.
  • 7.5 Strang, G., Linear Algebra and its Applications, Second Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1980.
  • 7.6 Waite, M., Martin, D., Prata, S., Unix System V Primer, Second Edition, Prentice Hall Publishing, Carmel, IN, 1992.
  • 7.7 Quercia, V., O'Reilly, T., X Window System User's Guide, OSF/Motif Edition, O'Reilly and Associates, Sebastopol, CA, 1993.
  • 7.8 Welty, J.R., Wicks, C.E., Wilson, R.E., Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1969.

← Previous: Appendix V — Collision Deformation Classification (CDC) | Index | Next: Appendices VII, VIII and IX — Reserved →